Evangelical Pluralism: A Singular Problem -- By: W. Gary Phillips

Journal: Bibliotheca Sacra
Volume: BSAC 151:602 (Apr 1994)
Article: Evangelical Pluralism: A Singular Problem
Author: W. Gary Phillips


Evangelical Pluralism: A Singular Problem

W. Gary Phillips

[W. Gary Phillips is Chairman of the Division of Biblical Studies, Bryan College, Dayton, Tennessee.]

Two traditional teachings—direct faith in Jesus Christ as the only means of salvation and the understanding of hell as a place of eternal torment—have historically disturbed non—Christians as unworthy doctrines. Further, the point at which these two teachings coalesce most sharply is the destiny of those who have never heard. How could a just and loving God consign to eternal torment those whose providential circumstances prevented them from hearing?

This is not simply an abstract problem in theodicy, occupying the speculations of armchair theologians. The question of those in other religions—particularly those who have not heard the gospel—tugs deeply at one’s emotions.

This challenge to theodicy is compounded when one reflects on the concept of absolute justice. People often (incorrectly) assume fairness may be approached inductively; surely it is a matter of common sense to examine all variables and then state what is or is not “fair.” But the issue of inductive justice is not decided so easily. Can absolute justice be determined inductively? Should one even try? This writer argues that the answer to both questions is no. The purposes of this article are to present these issues within the broader context of pluralistic options and to present and evaluate some current evangelical views on pluralism, particularly in relation to the destiny of the untold.

The Options of Pluralism and the Question of Truth

Over the years theologians of differing persuasions have answered the questions of religious pluralism in a variety of ways.1

These approaches to world religions may be grouped in three categories.

Inclusivism says there is only one true religion through which salvation may be obtained (the religion of the inclusivist). But God may impute salvation to the sincere worshipper of false gods. Although those in other religions may refuse to partake from (or not know about) the proper religious diet, God will not let them starve.
Exclusivism maintains that there is one God, and that other truth-claims which conflict with the religion of the exclusivist are therefore false. All other positions lead to spiritual anorexia.
Universalism says (positively) all worldviews can be valid avenues of salvation and (negatively) exclusivism is wrong. Because all religions are equally true, we should toss all religious truth claims into one huge melting-pot and enjoy re...

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